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Purpose: Recently, the proportion of patients with high myopia has shown a continuous growing trend, more toward the younger age groups. This study aimed to predict the changes in spherical equivalent refraction (SER) and axial length (AL) in children using machine learning methods. Methods: This study is a retrospective study. The cooperative ophthalmology hospital of this study collected data on 179 sets of childhood myopia examinations. The data collected included AL and SER from grades 1 to 6. This study used the six machine learning models to predict AL and SER based on the data. Six evaluation indicators were used to evaluate the prediction results of the models. Results: For predicting SER in grade 6, grade 5, grade 4, grade 3, and grade 2, the best results were obtained through the multilayer perceptron (MLP) algorithm, MLP algorithm, orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) algorithm, OMP algorithm, and OMP algorithm, respectively. The R2 of the five models were 0.8997, 0.7839, 0.7177, 0.5118, and 0.1758, respectively. For predicting AL in grade 6, grade 5, grade 4, grade 3, and grade 2, the best results were obtained through the Extra Tree (ET) algorithm, MLP algorithm, kernel ridge (KR) algorithm, KR algorithm, and MLP algorithm, respectively. The R2 of the five models were 0.7546, 0.5456, 0.8755, 0.9072, and 0.8534, respectively. Conclusion: Therefore, in predicting SER, the OMP model performed better than the other models in most experiments. In predicting AL, the KR and MLP models were better than the other models in most experiments.
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@#AIM: To study the characteristics and related influencing factors of subfoveal choroidal thickness(SFCT)changing with time in children with myopia. <p>METHODS: Totally 60 eyes of 60 children with myopia aged 6-15 years old who were admitted to the Eye Hospital of Nanchang University from July 2018 to September 2018 were included. IOP, axial length, equivalent spherical degree and SFCT were measured at baseline and 6mo of follow-up, respectively. Analyze the changes of the above-mentioned eye parameters and related influencing factors of SFCT. <p>RESULTS: Compared with baseline, follow-up for 6mo, myopic children's SFCT decreased by 8±14μm(<i>P</i><0.001), the axial length increased by 0.15±0.16mm(<i>P</i><0.001), and the equivalent spherical degree increased by -0.34±0.33D(<i>P</i><0.001), and there is a significant correlation between the SFCT change value and the axial length and equivalent spherical power change value(<i>r</i>s=-0.701, 0.633, both <i>P</i><0.001), indicating faster axial growth and myopia increasing is related to more thinning of the membrane thickness. Multiple linear regression analysis shows that SFCT is significantly correlated with axial length(<i>P</i>=0.001).<p>CONCLUSION: The SFCT of myopic children becomes thinner over time, and the axial length is negatively correlated with SFCT, and children with faster axial growing and greater myopia increasing are usually accompanied by more SFCT thinning.
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@#AIM: To study the characteristics and related influencing factors of subfoveal choroidal thickness(SFCT)changing with time in children with myopia. <p>METHODS: Totally 60 eyes of 60 children with myopia aged 6-15 years old who were admitted to the Eye Hospital of Nanchang University from July 2018 to September 2018 were included. IOP, axial length, equivalent spherical degree and SFCT were measured at baseline and 6mo of follow-up, respectively. Analyze the changes of the above-mentioned eye parameters and related influencing factors of SFCT. <p>RESULTS: Compared with baseline, follow-up for 6mo, myopic children's SFCT decreased by 8±14μm(<i>P</i><0.001), the axial length increased by 0.15±0.16mm(<i>P</i><0.001), and the equivalent spherical degree increased by -0.34±0.33D(<i>P</i><0.001), and there is a significant correlation between the SFCT change value and the axial length and equivalent spherical power change value(<i>r</i>s=-0.701, 0.633, both <i>P</i><0.001), indicating faster axial growth and myopia increasing is related to more thinning of the membrane thickness. Multiple linear regression analysis shows that SFCT is significantly correlated with axial length(<i>P</i>=0.001).<p>CONCLUSION: The SFCT of myopic children becomes thinner over time, and the axial length is negatively correlated with SFCT, and children with faster axial growing and greater myopia increasing are usually accompanied by more SFCT thinning.
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@#AIM: To study the characteristics and related influencing factors of subfoveal choroidal thickness(SFCT)changing with time in children with myopia. <p>METHODS: Totally 60 eyes of 60 children with myopia aged 6-15 years old who were admitted to the Eye Hospital of Nanchang University from July 2018 to September 2018 were included. IOP, axial length, equivalent spherical degree and SFCT were measured at baseline and 6mo of follow-up, respectively. Analyze the changes of the above-mentioned eye parameters and related influencing factors of SFCT. <p>RESULTS: Compared with baseline, follow-up for 6mo, myopic children's SFCT decreased by 8±14μm(<i>P</i><0.001), the axial length increased by 0.15±0.16mm(<i>P</i><0.001), and the equivalent spherical degree increased by -0.34±0.33D(<i>P</i><0.001), and there is a significant correlation between the SFCT change value and the axial length and equivalent spherical power change value(<i>r</i>s=-0.701, 0.633, both <i>P</i><0.001), indicating faster axial growth and myopia increasing is related to more thinning of the membrane thickness. Multiple linear regression analysis shows that SFCT is significantly correlated with axial length(<i>P</i>=0.001).<p>CONCLUSION: The SFCT of myopic children becomes thinner over time, and the axial length is negatively correlated with SFCT, and children with faster axial growing and greater myopia increasing are usually accompanied by more SFCT thinning.
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@#AIM: To study the characteristics and related influencing factors of subfoveal choroidal thickness(SFCT)changing with time in children with myopia. <p>METHODS: Totally 60 eyes of 60 children with myopia aged 6-15 years old who were admitted to the Eye Hospital of Nanchang University from July 2018 to September 2018 were included. IOP, axial length, equivalent spherical degree and SFCT were measured at baseline and 6mo of follow-up, respectively. Analyze the changes of the above-mentioned eye parameters and related influencing factors of SFCT. <p>RESULTS: Compared with baseline, follow-up for 6mo, myopic children's SFCT decreased by 8±14μm(<i>P</i><0.001), the axial length increased by 0.15±0.16mm(<i>P</i><0.001), and the equivalent spherical degree increased by -0.34±0.33D(<i>P</i><0.001), and there is a significant correlation between the SFCT change value and the axial length and equivalent spherical power change value(<i>r</i>s=-0.701, 0.633, both <i>P</i><0.001), indicating faster axial growth and myopia increasing is related to more thinning of the membrane thickness. Multiple linear regression analysis shows that SFCT is significantly correlated with axial length(<i>P</i>=0.001).<p>CONCLUSION: The SFCT of myopic children becomes thinner over time, and the axial length is negatively correlated with SFCT, and children with faster axial growing and greater myopia increasing are usually accompanied by more SFCT thinning.
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Objective To investigate the relationship between axial length (AL)elongation and the progression of spherical equivalent refraction (SER) and its influential factors in school-aged children with myopia based on machine learning (ML).Methods A cross-sectional study evaluated 1 011 eyes of school-aged myopic children admitted to the optometry center of Peking University People's Hospital from January 2017 to December 2018,and data from the right eyes were used for analysis.All the collected data were used to train ML algorithms.When building predictive models,the input features included age,gender,central corneal thickness (CCT),mean K readings (K-mean),horizontal visible iris diameter (HIVD),lens power,and axial length (AL),and the output parameter was SER.A five-fold cross validation scheme randomly divided all the data into five groups,of which four were used as training data,and one group was used as validation data.This process was repeated five times so that all the data were validated by this model,which allowed a better prediction of the overall sample.The prediction accuracy of different models was evaluated by the R-value and R2.The best-performing algorithm was applied to investigate the relationship between AL elongation and the progression of SER and its influencing factors.Written informed consent was obtained from each guardian of each patient prior to entering the study cohort.This study followed the Declaration of Helsinki.The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Peking University People's Hospital (No.2019PHB280-01).Results In the comparison of the R-value and R2 of six ML algorithms based on five-fold cross validation,among all models,the best was the quadratic SVM regression model,with an R-value and R2 of 0.99 and 0.98,respectively.The results of Pearson correlation analysis showed that lens power was negatively correlated with age (r =-0.301,P＜0.01).According to the results calculated by the Bennett-Rabbetts formula,the average lens power of the 6-year-old myopic group was higher than that of the 18-year-old myopic group.According to this model,the SER change caused by AL elongation was not a constant value,which was estimated from plano to nearly-3.00 D,depending mainly on the time needed for 1-mm AL elongation.According to the results calculated by this model,the longer it took for the AL to grow by 1 mm,the smaller the corresponding SER change.In myopic children over an age span of one year,for example,from 6-7 years or 12-13 years,1-mm elongation of the AL corresponded to-2.50 D and-2.33 D of SER change,respectively.Over a three years span,for example,from 6-9 years,a 1-mm elongation of the AL corresponded to-1.77 D of SER change.Conclusions For myopic children,the longer the age span required for 1-mm elongation of the AL,the smaller the SER change.An ML algorithm can provide clinical practitioners with a relatively precise estimation for the relationship between AL elongation and myopia progression.
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Objective@#To investigate the relationship between axial length (AL)elongation and the progression of spherical equivalent refraction (SER) and its influential factors in school-aged children with myopia based on machine learning (ML).@*Methods@#A cross-sectional study evaluated 1 011 eyes of school-aged myopic children admitted to the optometry center of Peking University People's Hospital from January 2017 to December 2018, and data from the right eyes were used for analysis.All the collected data were used to train ML algorithms.When building predictive models, the input features included age, gender, central corneal thickness (CCT), mean K readings (K-mean), horizontal visible iris diameter (HIVD), lens power, and axial length (AL), and the output parameter was SER.A five-fold cross validation scheme randomly divided all the data into five groups, of which four were used as training data, and one group was used as validation data.This process was repeated five times so that all the data were validated by this model, which allowed a better prediction of the overall sample.The prediction accuracy of different models was evaluated by the R-value and R2.The best-performing algorithm was applied to investigate the relationship between AL elongation and the progression of SER and its influencing factors.Written informed consent was obtained from each guardian of each patient prior to entering the study cohort.This study followed the Declaration of Helsinki.The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Peking University People's Hospital (No.2019PHB280-01).@*Results@#In the comparison of the R-value and R2 of six ML algorithms based on five-fold cross validation, among all models, the best was the quadratic SVM regression model, with an R-value and R2 of 0.99 and 0.98, respectively.The results of Pearson correlation analysis showed that lens power was negatively correlated with age (r=-0.301, P<0.01). According to the results calculated by the Bennett-Rabbetts formula, the average lens power of the 6-year-old myopic group was higher than that of the 18-year-old myopic group.According to this model, the SER change caused by AL elongation was not a constant value, which was estimated from plano to nearly -3.00 D, depending mainly on the time needed for 1-mm AL elongation.According to the results calculated by this model, the longer it took for the AL to grow by 1 mm, the smaller the corresponding SER change.In myopic children over an age span of one year, for example, from 6-7 years or 12-13 years, 1-mm elongation of the AL corresponded to -2.50 D and -2.33 D of SER change, respectively.Over a three years span, for example, from 6-9 years, a 1-mm elongation of the AL corresponded to -1.77 D of SER change.@*Conclusions@#For myopic children, the longer the age span required for 1-mm elongation of the AL, the smaller the SER change.An ML algorithm can provide clinical practitioners with a relatively precise estimation for the relationship between AL elongation and myopia progression.
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N". Except the average (Avg)-RNFLT had positive correlation with diopter in severe myopia group (r=0.372, P=0.047), no significant correlation was observed in other parameters among three groups. Conclusion RNFLT in myopia measured by OCT may have its own rule. Avg-RNFLT may have positive correlation with diopter in severe myopia group.